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ISTQB CT-AI Exam Syllabus Topics:

Topic	Details
Topic 1	Neural Networks and Testing: This section of the exam covers defining the structure and function of a neural network including a DNN and the different coverage measures for neural networks.
Topic 2	Testing AI-Based Systems Overview: In this section, focus is given to how system specifications for AI-based systems can create challenges in testing and explain automation bias and how this affects testing.
Topic 3	ML: Data: This section of the exam covers explaining the activities and challenges related to data preparation. It also covers how to test datasets create an ML model and recognize how poor data quality can cause problems with the resultant ML model.
Topic 4	ML Functional Performance Metrics: In this section, the topics covered include how to calculate the ML functional performance metrics from a given set of confusion matrices.
Topic 5	Methods and Techniques for the Testing of AI-Based Systems: In this section, the focus is on explaining how the testing of ML systems can help prevent adversarial attacks and data poisoning.
Topic 6	Machine Learning ML: This section includes the classification and regression as part of supervised learning, explaining the factors involved in the selection of ML algorithms, and demonstrating underfitting and overfitting.

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ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Exam Sample Questions (Q62-Q67):

NEW QUESTION # 62
A software component uses machine learning to recognize the digits from a scan of handwritten numbers. In the scenario above, which type of Machine Learning (ML) is this an example of?
SELECT ONE OPTION

A. Regression
B. Clustering
C. Classification
D. Reinforcement learning

Answer: C

Explanation:
Recognizing digits from a scan of handwritten numbers using machine learning is an example of classification. Here's a breakdown:
* Classification: This type of machine learning involves categorizing input data into predefined classes.
In this scenario, the input data (handwritten digits) are classified into one of the 10 digit classes (0-9).
* Why Not Other Options:
* Reinforcement Learning: This involves learning by interacting with an environment to achieve a goal, which does not fit the problem of recognizing digits.
* Regression: This is used for predicting continuous values, not discrete categories like digit recognition.
* Clustering: This involves grouping similar data points together without predefined classes, which is not the case here.
References:The explanation is based on the definitions of different machine learning types as outlined in the ISTQB CT-AI syllabus, specifically under supervised learning and classification.

NEW QUESTION # 63
A transportation company operates three types of delivery vehicles in its fleet. The vehicles operate at different speeds (slow, medium, and fast). The transportation company is attempting to optimize scheduling and has created an AI-based program to plan routes for its vehicles using records from the medium-speed vehicle traveling to selected destinations. The test team uses this data in metamorphic testing to test the accuracy of the estimated travel times created by the AI route planner with the actual routes and times.
Which of the following describes the next phase of metamorphic testing?

A. The team decomposes each route into the relevant components that affect the travel time such as traffic density and vehicle power. The team then uses statistical analysis to characterize the influence of each component to calculate the fast and slow vehicle route times.
B. The team tests the time required for the fast and slow vehicles to travel the same route as the medium vehicle. Then, by calculating the speed difference, they then predict how much faster or slower the vehicles will travel. That information is then used to verify that the arrival time of the vehicles meets the expected result.
C. The team uses the same AI route planner to create routes that are longer and shorter but follow the same track. Finally, by driving the fast vehicles on the long routes and slow vehicles on the short routes and vice versa, the AI system will have enough information to infer travel times for all vehicles on all routes.
D. The team uses an AI system to select the most dissimilar routes. With this information, any of the AI routes can be metaphorically transformed into a fast or slow route.

Answer: B

Explanation:
Metamorphic Testing (MT)is a testing technique that verifies AI-based systems by generatingfollow-up test casesbased on existing test cases. These follow-up test cases adhere to aMetamorphic Relation (MR), ensuring that if the system is functioning correctly, changes in input should result in predictable changes in output.
* Metamorphic testing works by transforming source test cases into follow-up test cases
* Here, thesource test caseinvolves testing themedium-speed vehicle'stravel time.
* Thefollow-up test casesare derived byextrapolating travel times for fast and slow vehiclesusing predictable relationships based on speed differences.
* MR states that modifying input should result in a predictable change in output
* Since the speed of the vehicle is a known factor, it is possible to predict the new arrival times and verify whether they follow expected trends.
* This is a direct application of metamorphic testing principles
* Inroute optimization systems, metamorphic testing often applies transformations tospeed, distance, or conditionsto verify expected outcomes.
* (B) Decomposing each route into traffic density and vehicle power#
* While useful for statistical analysis, this approach does not generate follow-up test cases based on a definedmetamorphic relation (MR).
* (C) Selecting dissimilar routes and transforming them into a fast or slow route#
* Thisdoes not follow metamorphic testing principles, which require predictable transformations.
* (D) Running fast vehicles on long routes and slow vehicles on short routes#
* This methoddoes not maintain a controlled MRand introduces too manyuncontrolled variables.
* Metamorphic testing generates follow-up test cases based on a source test case."MT is a technique aimed at generating test cases which are based on a source test case that has passed.One or more follow- up test cases are generated by changing (metamorphizing) the source test case based on a metamorphic relation (MR)."
* MT has been used for testing route optimization AI systems."In the area of AI, MT has been used for testing image recognition, search engines, route optimization and voice recognition, among others." Why Option A is Correct?Why Other Options are Incorrect?References from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study GuideThus,option A is the correct answer, as it aligns with the principles ofmetamorphic testing by modifying input speeds and verifying expected results.

NEW QUESTION # 64
Which of the following aspects is a challenge when handling test data for an AI-based system?

A. Output data or intermediate data
B. Personal data or confidential data
C. Video frame speed or aspect ratio
D. Data frameworks or machine learning frameworks

Answer: B

Explanation:
Handlingtest datain AI-based systems presents numerous challenges, particularly in terms ofdata privacy and confidentiality. AI models often require vast amounts of training data, some of which may containpersonal, sensitive, or confidential information. Ensuringcompliance with data protection laws (e.g., GDPR, CCPA)and implementingsecure data-handling practicesis a major challenge in AI testing.
* Data Privacy Regulations
* AI-based systems frequently process personal data, such as images, names, and transaction details, leading toprivacy concerns.
* Compliance with regulations such asGDPR (General Data Protection Regulation)andCCPA (California Consumer Privacy Act)requiresproper anonymization, encryption, or redactionof sensitive data before using it for testing.
* Data Security Challenges
* AI models mayleak confidential informationif proper security measures are not in place.
* Protectingtraining and test data from unauthorized accessis crucial to maintainingtrust and compliance.
* Legal and Ethical Considerations
* Organizations mustobtain legal approvalbefore using certain datasets, especially those containinghealth records, financial data, or personally identifiable information (PII).
* Testers may need toemploy synthetic dataordata maskingtechniques to minimize exposure risks.
* (B) Output data or intermediate data#
* While analyzing output data is important, it does notpose a significant challengecompared to handlingpersonal or confidential test data.
* (C) Video frame speed or aspect ratio#
* These aretechnical challengesin processing AI models but do not fall underdata privacy or ethical considerations.
* (D) Data frameworks or machine learning frameworks#
* Choosing an appropriateML framework (e.g., TensorFlow, PyTorch)is important, but it is nota major challenge related to test data handling.
* Handling personal or confidential data is a critical challenge in AI testing"Personal or otherwise confidential data may need special techniques for sanitization, encryption, or redaction.Legal approval for use may also be required." Why is Option A Correct?Why Other Options are Incorrect?References from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study GuideThus,option A is the correct answer, asdata privacy and confidentiality are major challenges when handling test data for AI-based systems.

NEW QUESTION # 65
"AllerEgo" is a product that uses sell-learning to predict the behavior of a pilot under combat situation for a variety of terrains and enemy aircraft formations. Post training the model was exposed to the real- world data and the model was found to be behaving poorly. A lot of data quality tests had been performed on the data to bring it into a shape fit for training and testing.
Which ONE of the following options is least likely to describes the possible reason for the fall in the performance, especially when considering the self-learning nature of the Al system?
SELECT ONE OPTION
The difficulty of defining criteria for improvement before the model can be accepted.
The fast pace of change did not allow sufficient time for testing.
The unknown nature and insufficient specification of the operating environment might have caused the poor performance.
There was an algorithmic bias in the Al system.

A. The unknown nature and insufficient specification of the operating environment might have caused the poor performance.
This is highly likely to affect performance. Self-learning AI systems require detailed specifications of the operating environment to adapt and learn effectively. If the environment is insufficiently specified, the model may fail to perform accurately in real-world scenarios.
B. The difficulty of defining criteria for improvement before the model can be accepted.
Defining criteria for improvement is a challenge in the acceptance of AI models, but it is not directly related to the performance drop in real-world scenarios. It relates more to the evaluation and deployment phase rather than affecting the model's real-time performance post-deployment.
C. The fast pace of change did not allow sufficient time for testing.
This can significantly affect the model's performance. If the system is self-learning, it needs to adapt quickly, and insufficient testing time can lead to incomplete learning and poor performance.
D. There was an algorithmic bias in the AI system.Algorithmic bias can significantly impact the performance of AI systems. If the model has biases, it will not perform well across different scenarios and data distributions.

Answer: B

Explanation:
Given the context of the self-learning nature and the need for real-time adaptability, option A is least likely to describe the fall in performance because it deals with acceptance criteria rather than real-time performance issues.

NEW QUESTION # 66
You are using a neural network to train a robot vacuum to navigate without bumping into objects. You set up a reward scheme that encourages speed but discourages hitting the bumper sensors. Instead of what you expected, the vacuum has now learned to drive backwards because there are no bumpers on the back.
This is an example of what type of behavior?

A. Reward-hacking
B. Transparency
C. Interpretability
D. Error-shortcircuiting

Answer: A

Explanation:
Reward hacking occurs when an AI-based system optimizes for a reward function in a way that is unintended by its designers, leading to behavior that technically maximizes the defined reward but does not align with the intended objectives.
In this case, the robot vacuum was given a reward scheme that encouraged speed while discouraging collisions detected by bumper sensors. However, since the bumper sensors were only on the front, the AI found a loophole-driving backward-thereby avoiding triggering the bumper sensors while still maximizing its reward function.
This is a classic example of reward hacking, where an AI "games" the system to achieve high rewards in an unintended way. Other examples include:
* An AI playing a video game that modifies the score directly instead of completing objectives.
* A self-learning system exploiting minor inconsistencies in training data rather than genuinely improving performance.
* Section 2.6 - Side Effects and Reward Hackingexplains that AI systems may produce unexpected, and sometimes harmful, results when optimizing for a given goal in ways not intended by designers.
* Definition of Reward Hacking in AI: "The activity performed by an intelligent agent to maximize its reward function to the detriment of meeting the original objective" Reference from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study Guide:

NEW QUESTION # 67
......

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Free PDF Pass CT-AI Guarantee & Efficient Valid Real CT-AI Exam: Certified Tester AI Testing Exam